Vishnu IAS Academy

Introduction: The United Nations (UN), established in 1945 under the UN Charter, was envisioned as the principal institution for maintaining international peace and security, based on collective security, sovereign equality, and peaceful dispute resolution. Yet, in an era marked by unilateral interventions, strategic rivalries, and weakening multilateralism, its peacekeeping legitimacy is increasingly under scrutiny. The […]

Introduction: The United Nations (UN), established in 1945 under the UN Charter, was envisioned as the principal institution for maintaining international peace and security, based on collective security, sovereign equality, and peaceful dispute resolution. Yet, in an era marked by unilateral interventions, strategic rivalries, and weakening multilateralism, its peacekeeping legitimacy is increasingly under scrutiny. The

Introduction: Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) refers to situations where interactions between humans and wild animals lead to negative impacts on human life, livelihoods, property, or ecosystems, and simultaneously threaten wildlife survival. It is increasingly understood not merely as a wildlife protection issue, but as a multi-dimensional socio-ecological challenge arising from the interaction of ecological degradation, land-use

Introduction: Energy security refers to the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at affordable prices while ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience against geopolitical and market shocks. Recent disruptions in global supply chains, especially around the Strait of Hormuz, through which nearly one-fifth of the world’s petroleum trade passes, exposed the vulnerability of import-dependent economies. India imports

Introduction: Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) norms are fleet-wide regulatory standards that mandate automobile manufacturers to maintain an average fuel efficiency and corresponding CO₂ emission threshold across all passenger vehicles sold. Rather than regulating individual vehicles, they influence the entire product portfolio of manufacturers, thereby acting as a market-shaping instrument. For a country where nearly

Introduction: Energy transition refers to the structural shift from fossil fuel-based systems to renewable and low-carbon energy sources, ensuring sustainability, reliability, and affordability. India’s power sector is witnessing rapid solar expansion, with solar accounting for nearly 28% of installed capacity by 2026, up from about 15% in 2022. However, despite achieving a record peak demand

Introduction: The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) introduced by the European Union from January 1, 2026, is a carbon-pricing tool that imposes a levy on imports based on their embedded emissions, aligning them with the EU’s internal carbon costs under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). While framed as a measure to prevent carbon leakage

Introduction: Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation in forests, often triggered by a combination of natural factors (temperature, wind, fuel load) and anthropogenic causes. India witnesses recurring seasonal fires, particularly between February and May, with nearly 36% of forest cover prone to fires as indicated by the Forest Survey of India (FSI). Recent intense

Introduction RTE Act Section 12(1)(c) is a transformative provision under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, which operationalises the fundamental right under Article 21A, mandating universal elementary education. A key provision requires private unaided schools to reserve 25% seats for children from Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Disadvantaged Groups (DG),