Vishnu IAS Academy

Introduction: A heatwave is a prolonged period of abnormally high temperatures that exceeds the climatological threshold prescribed by the India Meteorological Department (IMD). In recent years, heatwaves have evolved from episodic weather events into recurring climate-induced disasters with significant implications for public health, labour productivity, food security, energy demand and urban governance. India’s Core Heatwave […]

Introduction: The Supreme Court, as the apex judicial authority, serves a dual function: safeguarding the Constitution and acting as the final appellate forum for legal disputes. Its extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution empowers it to grant Special Leave Petitions (SLPs) from any lower court, intended as a selective mechanism to address significant

Introduction: Energy resilience refers to the capacity of an economy to withstand, adapt to, and recover from disruptions in energy supply and price volatility while ensuring uninterrupted economic and social functioning. The ongoing instability around the Strait of Hormuz, through which nearly one-fifth of globally traded crude oil passes, has reinforced the reality that energy

Introduction: The emergence of external carbon-compliance regimes such as the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) marks a structural transformation in global trade governance, where market access is increasingly linked to the carbon intensity of production rather than tariff competitiveness alone. CBAM, operational in its definitive phase from January 2026, imposes carbon-linked costs on

Introduction: Population ageing refers to the increasing proportion of elderly persons (60+ years) in the total population due to sustained decline in fertility, falling mortality, and rising life expectancy. India has entered an advanced stage of the demographic transition, marked by a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1, a

Introduction: India’s energy transition presents a striking paradox: while the country has emerged as one of the world’s fastest-growing renewable energy markets, coal continues to dominate actual electricity generation. By March 2026, renewable energy accounted for nearly 42% of installed power capacity, compared to coal’s 42.2%, reflecting major expansion in solar and wind infrastructure. However,

Introduction: Cyber warfare refers to the use of digital technologies, malicious cyber operations, and information systems to disrupt, damage, manipulate, or gain strategic advantage over another state or entity. In contemporary conflicts, cyber operations increasingly operate alongside conventional military force, targeting communication systems, energy grids, financial infrastructure, defence networks, satellite systems, and public information ecosystems

Introduction: The Sixth Schedule under Articles 244(2) and 275(1) of the Constitution provides for Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) to safeguard the administrative, cultural, and land rights of tribal communities through asymmetric federalism. Currently applicable to 10 tribal areas across four northeastern states, it represents India’s constitutional recognition that uniform governance may not adequately address region-specific

Introduction: Electric mobility transition refers to the systemic shift from internal combustion engine (ICE)-based transport to electric propulsion systems, aimed at reducing fossil fuel dependence, urban air pollution, and transport-sector emissions. For India where the transport sector contributes nearly 13–14% of total energy-related CO₂ emissions and crude imports account for over 85% of oil demand