Introduction: The United Nations (UN), established in 1945 under the UN Charter, was envisioned as the principal institution for maintaining international peace and security, based on collective security, sovereign equality, and peaceful dispute resolution. Yet, in an era marked by unilateral interventions, strategic rivalries, and weakening multilateralism, its peacekeeping legitimacy is increasingly under scrutiny. The […]

Introduction: The United Nations (UN), established in 1945 under the UN Charter, was envisioned as the principal institution for maintaining international peace and security, based on collective security, sovereign equality, and peaceful dispute resolution. Yet, in an era marked by unilateral interventions, strategic rivalries, and weakening multilateralism, its peacekeeping legitimacy is increasingly under scrutiny. The

Introduction: Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) refers to situations where interactions between humans and wild animals lead to negative impacts on human life, livelihoods, property, or ecosystems, and simultaneously threaten wildlife survival. It is increasingly understood not merely as a wildlife protection issue, but as a multi-dimensional socio-ecological challenge arising from the interaction of ecological degradation, land-use

Introduction: Energy security refers to the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at affordable prices while ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience against geopolitical and market shocks. Recent disruptions in global supply chains, especially around the Strait of Hormuz, through which nearly one-fifth of the world’s petroleum trade passes, exposed the vulnerability of import-dependent economies. India imports

Introduction: Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) norms are fleet-wide regulatory standards that mandate automobile manufacturers to maintain an average fuel efficiency and corresponding CO₂ emission threshold across all passenger vehicles sold. Rather than regulating individual vehicles, they influence the entire product portfolio of manufacturers, thereby acting as a market-shaping instrument. For a country where nearly

Introduction: Urban fire accidents refer to incidents of uncontrolled fire outbreaks in densely populated settlements causing loss of life, property and critical infrastructure. Rapid urbanisation, unregulated construction, mixed land use, narrow access routes and weak enforcement of safety norms have made Indian cities increasingly vulnerable to such disasters. According to data from the National Crime

Introduction: Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income, wealth, consumption opportunities, assets, employment security, and access to public services among individuals and social groups. In India, the debate on inequality has gained renewed significance amid rapid urbanisation, changing labour structures, and evolving welfare policies. The Household Consumer Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2023-24 estimates India’s consumption

Introduction: Energy transition refers to the structural shift from fossil fuel-based systems to renewable and low-carbon energy sources, ensuring sustainability, reliability, and affordability. India’s power sector is witnessing rapid solar expansion, with solar accounting for nearly 28% of installed capacity by 2026, up from about 15% in 2022. However, despite achieving a record peak demand

Introduction: The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) introduced by the European Union from January 1, 2026, is a carbon-pricing tool that imposes a levy on imports based on their embedded emissions, aligning them with the EU’s internal carbon costs under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). While framed as a measure to prevent carbon leakage