Introduction: The emergence of external carbon-compliance regimes such as the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) marks a structural transformation in global trade governance, where market access is increasingly linked to the carbon intensity of production rather than tariff competitiveness alone. CBAM, operational in its definitive phase from January 2026, imposes carbon-linked costs on […]

Introduction: Population ageing refers to the increasing proportion of elderly persons (60+ years) in the total population due to sustained decline in fertility, falling mortality, and rising life expectancy. India has entered an advanced stage of the demographic transition, marked by a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1, a

Introduction: India’s energy transition presents a striking paradox: while the country has emerged as one of the world’s fastest-growing renewable energy markets, coal continues to dominate actual electricity generation. By March 2026, renewable energy accounted for nearly 42% of installed power capacity, compared to coal’s 42.2%, reflecting major expansion in solar and wind infrastructure. However,

Introduction: Cyber warfare refers to the use of digital technologies, malicious cyber operations, and information systems to disrupt, damage, manipulate, or gain strategic advantage over another state or entity. In contemporary conflicts, cyber operations increasingly operate alongside conventional military force, targeting communication systems, energy grids, financial infrastructure, defence networks, satellite systems, and public information ecosystems

Introduction: The Sixth Schedule under Articles 244(2) and 275(1) of the Constitution provides for Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) to safeguard the administrative, cultural, and land rights of tribal communities through asymmetric federalism. Currently applicable to 10 tribal areas across four northeastern states, it represents India’s constitutional recognition that uniform governance may not adequately address region-specific

Introduction: Electric mobility transition refers to the systemic shift from internal combustion engine (ICE)-based transport to electric propulsion systems, aimed at reducing fossil fuel dependence, urban air pollution, and transport-sector emissions. For India where the transport sector contributes nearly 13–14% of total energy-related CO₂ emissions and crude imports account for over 85% of oil demand

Introduction: Energy reserves refer to strategically maintained stocks of critical fuels such as crude oil, petroleum products, LPG and natural gas, designed to insulate an economy from external supply disruptions and price volatility. For an import-dependent economy like India, where nearly 85% of crude oil demand and around 50% of natural gas demand are met

Introduction: Market and destination diversification refers to the strategy of expanding exports across a wider range of products, geographies, and consumer markets to reduce dependence on a limited set of trading partners and thereby enhance trade resilience. In an era marked by geopolitical conflicts, supply-chain fragmentation, protectionist barriers, and repeated global shocks—from the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: Supply-chain diversification refers to the strategic distribution of sourcing, production, logistics and market linkages across multiple geographies and partners to reduce concentration risk and improve resilience. In the contemporary global order marked by geoeconomic competition, de-risking, and weaponisation of interdependence it has emerged as a critical instrument of strategic autonomy, defined as a state’s