Introduction: Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) norms are fleet-wide regulatory standards that mandate automobile manufacturers to maintain an average fuel efficiency and corresponding CO₂ emission threshold across all passenger vehicles sold. Rather than regulating individual vehicles, they influence the entire product portfolio of manufacturers, thereby acting as a market-shaping instrument. For a country where nearly […]

Introduction: Urban fire accidents refer to incidents of uncontrolled fire outbreaks in densely populated settlements causing loss of life, property and critical infrastructure. Rapid urbanisation, unregulated construction, mixed land use, narrow access routes and weak enforcement of safety norms have made Indian cities increasingly vulnerable to such disasters. According to data from the National Crime

Introduction: Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income, wealth, consumption opportunities, assets, employment security, and access to public services among individuals and social groups. In India, the debate on inequality has gained renewed significance amid rapid urbanisation, changing labour structures, and evolving welfare policies. The Household Consumer Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2023-24 estimates India’s consumption

Introduction: Energy transition refers to the structural shift from fossil fuel-based systems to renewable and low-carbon energy sources, ensuring sustainability, reliability, and affordability. India’s power sector is witnessing rapid solar expansion, with solar accounting for nearly 28% of installed capacity by 2026, up from about 15% in 2022. However, despite achieving a record peak demand

Introduction: The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) introduced by the European Union from January 1, 2026, is a carbon-pricing tool that imposes a levy on imports based on their embedded emissions, aligning them with the EU’s internal carbon costs under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). While framed as a measure to prevent carbon leakage

Introduction: Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation in forests, often triggered by a combination of natural factors (temperature, wind, fuel load) and anthropogenic causes. India witnesses recurring seasonal fires, particularly between February and May, with nearly 36% of forest cover prone to fires as indicated by the Forest Survey of India (FSI). Recent intense

Introduction RTE Act Section 12(1)(c) is a transformative provision under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, which operationalises the fundamental right under Article 21A, mandating universal elementary education. A key provision requires private unaided schools to reserve 25% seats for children from Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Disadvantaged Groups (DG),

Introduction: Data retention obligations refer to the legal requirement imposed on digital platforms and intermediaries to store user data (such as personal information, metadata, browsing activity, and communications) for a specified period for regulatory, security, or investigative purposes. In India, this intersects with the right to privacy, recognised as a fundamental right under Justice K.S.