Introduction: Electric mobility transition refers to the systemic shift from internal combustion engine (ICE)-based transport to electric propulsion systems, aimed at reducing fossil fuel dependence, urban air pollution, and transport-sector emissions. For India where the transport sector contributes nearly 13–14% of total energy-related CO₂ emissions and crude imports account for over 85% of oil demand

Introduction: Energy reserves refer to strategically maintained stocks of critical fuels such as crude oil, petroleum products, LPG and natural gas, designed to insulate an economy from external supply disruptions and price volatility. For an import-dependent economy like India, where nearly 85% of crude oil demand and around 50% of natural gas demand are met

Introduction: Market and destination diversification refers to the strategy of expanding exports across a wider range of products, geographies, and consumer markets to reduce dependence on a limited set of trading partners and thereby enhance trade resilience. In an era marked by geopolitical conflicts, supply-chain fragmentation, protectionist barriers, and repeated global shocks—from the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: Supply-chain diversification refers to the strategic distribution of sourcing, production, logistics and market linkages across multiple geographies and partners to reduce concentration risk and improve resilience. In the contemporary global order marked by geoeconomic competition, de-risking, and weaponisation of interdependence it has emerged as a critical instrument of strategic autonomy, defined as a state’s

Introduction: The United Nations (UN), established in 1945 under the UN Charter, was envisioned as the principal institution for maintaining international peace and security, based on collective security, sovereign equality, and peaceful dispute resolution. Yet, in an era marked by unilateral interventions, strategic rivalries, and weakening multilateralism, its peacekeeping legitimacy is increasingly under scrutiny. The

Introduction: The United Nations (UN), established in 1945 under the UN Charter, was envisioned as the principal institution for maintaining international peace and security, based on collective security, sovereign equality, and peaceful dispute resolution. Yet, in an era marked by unilateral interventions, strategic rivalries, and weakening multilateralism, its peacekeeping legitimacy is increasingly under scrutiny. The

Introduction: Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) refers to situations where interactions between humans and wild animals lead to negative impacts on human life, livelihoods, property, or ecosystems, and simultaneously threaten wildlife survival. It is increasingly understood not merely as a wildlife protection issue, but as a multi-dimensional socio-ecological challenge arising from the interaction of ecological degradation, land-use

Introduction: Energy security refers to the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at affordable prices while ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience against geopolitical and market shocks. Recent disruptions in global supply chains, especially around the Strait of Hormuz, through which nearly one-fifth of the world’s petroleum trade passes, exposed the vulnerability of import-dependent economies. India imports

Introduction: Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) norms are fleet-wide regulatory standards that mandate automobile manufacturers to maintain an average fuel efficiency and corresponding CO₂ emission threshold across all passenger vehicles sold. Rather than regulating individual vehicles, they influence the entire product portfolio of manufacturers, thereby acting as a market-shaping instrument. For a country where nearly