Vishnu IAS Academy

India’s Low Corporate R&D: Market Failure or Risk Aversion? A Critical Analysis India’s low corporate R&D intensity remains a major concern despite the country being one of the fastest-growing major economies. Understanding whether India’s low corporate R&D is primarily driven by market failure rather than mere risk aversion is crucial for improving innovation productivity and […]

Double-Deflator Approach: Analysing Real Value Added and Sectoral Growth Disparities Between Manufacturing and Agriculture Introduction: The Double-Deflator Approach improves the estimation of real value added by separately adjusting output and intermediate inputs for inflation, offering a clearer picture of sectoral growth disparities between manufacturing and agriculture. Gross Value Added (GVA) measures the value of output

Contribution to GSDP Criterion in 16th Finance Commission: Impact on Horizontal Devolution and Fiscal Federalism Contribution to GSDP Criterion in 16th Finance Commission represents a significant shift in India’s fiscal federal framework. The introduction of this parameter into the horizontal devolution formula reflects evolving debates between equity and efficiency in intergovernmental fiscal transfers. Introduction The

International Law in Contemporary World Order: Relevance and Resilience of Global Legal Norms International Law in Contemporary World Order continues to shape global governance despite recurring geopolitical conflicts and criticisms of failure. The perceived failure of international law in preventing major conflicts often arises from comparing it to domestic legal systems that possess centralized enforcement

National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM): Transforming India into a Global Midstream Processing Hub Introduction Critical minerals are mineral resources that are essential for economic development, clean energy technologies, national security, and industrial growth, but are vulnerable to supply disruptions due to geological scarcity or geopolitical concentration. According to the International Energy Agency, achieving global clean

India’s Trade Diplomacy Shift: From Cautious Regionalism to Proactive Integration with Advanced Economies India’s Trade Diplomacy Shift refers to the transformation in India’s global economic engagement from a strategy of cautious regionalism to proactive integration with advanced economies. Trade diplomacy refers to the use of trade agreements, negotiations, and economic partnerships as strategic instruments to

Generative AI and Copyright: Balancing Creative Labour Protection and Technological Progress Generative AI and Copyright are reshaping the global policy debate on how to protect creative labour while encouraging technological progress. Copyright refers to the legal protection granted to creators over their original works, enabling them to control reproduction, distribution, and adaptation for a defined

Slow Decay of the Liberal International Order: Dangers, Causes and Emerging Global Alternatives The Slow Decay of the Liberal International Order is reshaping global governance, geopolitical stability, and multilateral cooperation. The liberal international order refers to the system of rules, institutions, norms, and cooperative mechanisms established after World War II to regulate relations among sovereign

Institutional and Administrative Bottlenecks in Urban Local Bodies: Why ULBs Struggle to Leverage Municipal Bonds and Private Capital Institutional and Administrative Bottlenecks in Urban Local Bodies significantly limit their ability to leverage municipal bonds and private capital effectively. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are constitutionally recognised institutions of self-government entrusted with providing essential urban services such

Indian Scientific Service and Scientific Governance: Bridging the Administrator–Scientist Divide in 21st Century India Indian Scientific Service has emerged as a significant proposal in debates on scientific governance and administrative reform in India. Scientific governance refers to the systematic integration of scientific evidence, technical expertise, and risk assessment into public decision-making to ensure sustainable and